Design and Development of an Android-Based Digital Dictionary of the Naulu Language to Improve Language Literacy among Pre-Service Teachers in Maluku

Abstract

The Naulu language, an indigenous language of Seram Island, Central Maluku, Indonesia, is endangered, with declining use among younger generations. This study aimed to develop an Android-based Naulu Language Digital Dictionary and examine its potential to improve the language literacy of pre-service teachers in Maluku. Using a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the Lee and Owens model, the study employed needs analysis, design, development and implementation, and evaluation. The study collected data through interviews, observations, and pretest–posttest assessments involving students, educators, native speakers, and community members. The application features two-way translation (Naulu–Indonesian and Indonesian–Naulu), sentence translation, speech-to-text, and Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Findings showed that students' mean language literacy scores increased from 62.4 (fair) in the pretest to 84.7 (good) in the posttest. Vocabulary mastery rose from 58% to 87%, and reading comprehension of simple texts improved from 40% to 81%. Students also reported greater confidence and motivation to preserve the Naulu language. Overall, the Android-based dictionary shows potential as a digital learning medium for supporting vocabulary, reading skills, and regional language literacy while fostering cultural awareness and local identity.